Translation by Ambrose Li This is a rough translation of the scans. The information about emphasis marks start at scan #1 (p. 297) column 1 at the 2nd-last line, and ends at scan #3 (p. 299) column 1 at the last line. The parts not related to emphasis marks are omitted; examples are also omitted. Names of government departments and documents are unofficial and I've indicated such with braces { }. THE EMPHASIS MARK [着重號] A kind of punctuation mark, with the shape of "•"; sometimes "。", "∆", "—", "﹋" [wavy line], etc. In vertical text, it is placed on the right of the text; and, in horizontal text, below the text; to indicate words or sentences that need special emphasis. Also called the "提要號", "標明綫", "特提號", "加重號", "旁點" [i.e., the Japanese name "bōten"], among others. Example: [example of usage with dot as emphasis mark omitted] COMPARISON OF THE EMPHASIS AND QUOTATION MARKS 1. Both the emphasis and quotation marks serve to put emphasis on words. Example [example of emphasis mark omitted]. [example of mixed emphasis/quotation mark use omitted]. 2. The emphasis mark has a different scope of emphasis than the quotation mark. The quotation mark serves to emphasize a word; on the other hand, the emphasis mark can emphasize a word, a sentence, even a paragraph. Example: [example of emphasis mark placed on a whole sentence omitted]. ORIGIN OF THE EMPHASIS MARK The emphasis mark is a traditional punctuation mark in [China], in olden days usually taking the form of either a circle or a dot. During the time of the May Fourth Movement, there had been proposals to use a wavy line [instead] and call it the "提要號" or "標明綫" etc. However, in practice, a dot or circle placed beside the words to be emphasized was often used. In 1951, the {National Ministry of Publishing}'s document "{Use of Punctuation Marks}" formally named it the "emphasis mark" (着重號) and standardized on the round dot as its shape. The revised "{Use of Punctuation Marks}" [document, published] in 1990[,] continued this specification. USES OF THE EMPHASIS MARK 1. Used on parts of a piece of text requiring emphasis or which is important. Example: [example omitted] 2. Used on words requiring the reader's attention: Example [example omitted] FUNCTIONS OF THE EMPHASIS MARK 1. To highlight important parts of a piece of text or words that need emphasis. Example: [example omitted] 2. To highlight words requiring the reading's attension. Example: [example omitted] FORMS OF THE EMPHASIS MARK 1. Small circular dot (•). Example: [example omitted] 2. Small unfilled circle (。). Example: [example omitted] 3. Straight line (–). Example: [example of what looks like English underline omitted] 4. Wavy line (﹋﹋). Example: [example omitted] 5. Small triangle (∆). [example omitted] 6. Double circle (◎). Example [example with both single and double circles in the same piece of text omitted] GENERAL USE OF THE EMPHASIS MARK Different forms of emphasis marks can be used in a piece of text to indicate different points of emphasis. Example: [example and explanation of mixed dot- and circle-shaped emphasis marks omitted] SINGLE CIRCLE FORM OF THE EMPHASIS MARK In olden days text was written vertically, and this mark was placed on the right or bottom-right of words, indicating the marked words to be the main point of a critique. This is often used for words deemed brilliant. Example: [example omitted]. (Below the text marked with the single circle form of the emphasis mark is an editorial comment: "Nice touch!") VERTICAL LINE FORM OF THE EMPHASIS MARK In olden days text was written vertically, and this mark was placed on the right, indicating the marked words to be the main point of a critique. This is often used for words deemed dull or negative. Example: [example omitted]. (Below the sentence with the emphasis mark is an editorial comment: "Ridiculous!") DOT FORM OF THE EMPHASIS MARK In olden days text was written vertically, and this mark was placed on the right, indicating the marked words to be the main point of a critique. Example: [example omitted]. (Below the sentence with the emphasis mark is an editorial comment: "Look, he is such a passionate guy!")